Sterilization (medicine) - Wikipedia. Sterilization. Background. Type. Sterilization. First use. Ancient. Failure rates (first year)Perfect useunder 1%Typical useunder 1%Usage. Duration effect. Permanent. Reversibility. Difficult and expensive, vasectomy reversal & tubal reversal may be possible. Spontaneous abortion refers to pregnancy loss at less than 20 weeks’ gestation in the absence of elective medical or surgical measures to terminate the pregnancy. A place for women who've had abortions to find help, support and comfort after an abortion. With message boards, surveys, stories and healing ideas. User reminders. 3 negative semen samples required following vasectomy. Advantages and disadvantages. STI protection. None. Benefits. Permanent methods that require no further user actions. Risks. Operative and postoperative complications. Sterilization (also spelledsterilisation) is any of a number of medical techniques that intentionally leaves a person unable to reproduce. It is a method of birth control. For other causes of sterility, see infertility. Sterilization methods include both surgical and non- surgical, and exist for both males and females. Sterilization procedures are intended to be permanent; reversal is generally difficult or impossible. Sterilization is used all over the world. With the arrest of Dr. Kermit Gossnell and his associates for running an abortion “house of horrors” in Philadelphia, and legislative proposals to strip Planned. About Second Trimester Abortion. Second trimester abortions are performed between 14.0 to 23.3 weeks of pregnancy and require 1 to 3 day visits. There are multiple ways of having sterilization done but the two that are used most frequently are, tubal sterilization and vasectomy. A vasectomy is one of the options a man has and a tubal sterilization is an option for women. There are many different ways tubal sterilization can be accomplished. It is extremely effective and in the United States surgical complications are low. With that being said, tubal sterilization is still a method that involves surgery, so there is still a danger. Women that chose a tubal sterilization may have a higher risk of serious side effects, more than a man has with a vasectomy. Pregnancies after a tubal sterilization can still occur, even many years after the procedure. It is not very likely, but if it does happen there is a high risk of ectopic gestation. Statistics confirm that a handful of tubal sterilization surgeries are performed shortly after a vaginal delivery mostly by minilaparotomy.[1]In some cases, sterilization can be reversed but not all. It can vary by the type of sterilization performed.[1]Methods[edit]Surgical[edit]Surgical sterilization methods include: Tubal ligation in females, known popularly as "having one's tubes tied". The Fallopian tubes, which allow the sperm to fertilize the ovum and would carry the fertilized ovum to the uterus, are closed. This generally involves a general anesthetic and a laparotomy or laparoscopic approach to cut, clip or cauterize the fallopian tubes. Vasoligation in males. The vasa deferentia, the tubes that connect the testicles to the prostate, are cut and closed. This prevents sperm produced in the testicles from entering the ejaculated semen (which is mostly produced in the seminal vesicles and prostate). Although the term vasectomy is established in the general community, the correct medical terminology is vasoligation. Hysterectomy in females. The uterus is surgically removed, permanently preventing pregnancy and some diseases, such as uterine cancer. Castration in males. The testicles are surgically removed. This is frequently used for the sterilization of animals, but rarely for humans. It was also formerly used on some human male children for other reasons; see castrato and eunuch. Transluminal[edit]Transluminal procedures are performed by entry through the female reproductive tract. These generally use a catheter to place a substance into the Fallopian tubes that eventually causes blockage of the tract in this segment. Such procedures are generally called non- surgical as they use natural orifices and thereby do not necessitate any surgical incision. The Essure procedure is one such transluminal sterilization technique. In this procedure, polyethylene terephthalate fiber inserts are placed into the fallopian tubes, eventually inducing scarring and occlusion of the tubes. Following successful insertion and occlusional response, the Essure procedure is 9. Quinacrine has also been used for transluminal sterilization, but despite a multitude of clinical studies on the use of quinacrine and female sterilization, no randomized, controlled trials have been reported to date and there is some controversy over its use.[4] See also mepacrine. Pharmacological[edit]There is no working "sterilization pill" that causes permanent inability to reproduce. In the 1. 97. 7 textbook Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment, on page 7. In 2. 01. 5, DNA editing using gene drives to sterilize mosquitos was demonstrated.[5]There have been hoaxes involving fictitious drugs that would purportedly have such effects, notably progesterex. See also Norplant, Depo- Provera and oral contraceptive. Voluntary sterilization[edit]Motivations for voluntary sterilizations include: Lifestyle[edit]Because of the emphasis placed on childbearing as the most important role of women, not having children was traditionally seen as a deficiency or due to fertility problems.[6] However, access to contraception and abortion, new economic and educational opportunities, and changing ideas about motherhood have led to new reproductive experiences for women in the United States, particularly for women who choose to be childless.[7] Scholars define "voluntarily childless" women as "women of childbearing age who are fertile and state that they do not intend to have children, women of childbearing age who have chosen sterilization, or women past childbearing age who were fertile but chose not to have children."[8] In industrialized countries such as the United Kingdom, those of Western Europe, and the United States, the fertility rate has declined below or near the population replacement rate of two children per woman. Women are having children at a later age, and most notably, an increasing number of women are choosing not to bear children at all.[6] According to the U. S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey, 4. June 2. 00. 8 compared to 3. The personal freedoms of a childless lifestyle and the ability to focus on other relationships were common motivations underlying the decision to be voluntarily childless. Such personal freedoms included increased autonomy and improved financial positions. The couple could engage in more spontaneous activities because they didn't need a babysitter or to consult with someone else. Women had more time to devote to their careers and hobbies. Regarding other relationships, some women chose to forgo children because they wanted to maintain the "type of intimacy that they found fulfilling" with their partners.[6] Although voluntary childlessness was a joint decision for many couples, "studies have found that women were more often the primary decision makers. There is also some evidence that when one partner (either male or female) was ambivalent, a strong desire not to have children on the side of the other partner was often the deciding factor."[8] 'Not finding a suitable partner at an appropriate time in life" was another deciding factor, particularly for ambivalent women. Financial[edit]Economic incentives and career reasons also motivate women to choose sterilization. With regard to women who are voluntarily childless, studies show that there are higher "opportunity costs" for women of higher socioeconomic status because women are more likely than men to forfeit labor force participation once they have children. Some women stated the lack of financial resources as a reason why they remained childfree. Combined with the costliness of raising children, having children was viewed as a negative impact on financial resources.[8] Thus, childlessness is generally correlated with working full- time. Many women expressed the view that women ultimately have to make a choice between motherhood and career." In contrast, childlessness was also found among adults who were not overly committed to careers. In these finding, the importance of leisure time and the potential to retire early was emphasized over career ambitions. Sterilization is also an option for low- income families. Public funding for contraceptive services come from a variety of federal and state sources in the United States. Until the mid- 1. Title X of the Public Health Service Act, Title XIX of the Social Security (Medicaid), and two block- grant programs, Maternal and Child Health (MCH) and Social Services."[1. The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families was another federal block granted created in 1. The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services administers Title X, which is the sole federal program dedicated to family planning. Surprising Ways Your Body Changes After You Stop Having Regular Sex. Sometimes we stop having sex, but we didn't do it on purpose: We go through a breakup; we're traveling; our partner is sick; or a busy schedule puts our sex life at a standstill. A few days of no sex turns into weeks, and weeks turn into months, and before we realize it, we've involuntarily taken a temporary vow of abstinence. Sexual ruts happen from time to time, but a lack of sex can have significant effects on our body. From erectile dysfunction to a weaker immune system, below are six surprising ways sexual abstinence influences our mental, emotional, and physical health. Lower Sex Drive. If we haven't had sex in a while, there's a greater likelihood we'll start to want sex less. During sex, the body is inundated with endorphins that make us feel good, and help us associate sex with positive feelings. Abstaining from sex will lessen this connection, and therefore, reduce the need to have sex. Psychologically speaking, all of our libido or sex drive will go somewhere else."Your libido can increase your career drive and manifest more successful ambitions or, if you choose, you may direct your sexual energy into your children versus intercourse," Dr. Fran Walfish, Beverly Hills family and relationship psychotherapist, author of The Self- Aware Parent, and co- star, Sex Box on WE TV, told Medical Daily. However, no matter how long we're abstinent, Walfish says we can resume the same sexual drive, energy, and appetite we enjoyed before. She does warn, "don't expect a sudden rise in libido if you never had a high sex drive."More Stress. A lack of regular sex can lead to an elevation of stress levels. A 2. 00. 5 study in Biological Psychology found penile- vagnal intercourse, but not other sexual behavior, was associated with better mental and physical performance, and lower stress levels. People who hadn't had regular sex showed higher blood pressure spikes in response to stress than those who recently had intercourse. Here, sex serves as a coping mechanism to deal with stressful moments. Poor Self- Esteem. A halt in our sex life can make us feel both less desired and sad. Researchers believe semen has antidepressant qualities that can counteract feelings of depression. Semen contains several hormones, including testosterone, estrogen, FSH (follicle- stimulating hormone), luteinising hormone, prolactin, and several different prostaglandins. These have been detected in women's blood within hours of being exposed to semen. In a 2. 00. 2 study in Archives of Sexual Behavior, researchers found condom use, an indirect measure of the presence of semen in women, was linked to scores on the Beck Depression Inventory. Women who were having sex without condoms were less depressed, while depressive symptoms and suicide attempts among those who used condoms were proportional to the consistency of condom use. It’s possible that semen may lessen depressive symptoms as the vagina absorbs the components of semen. Less Intelligent. Less sex can translate to less intelligence. A 2. 01. 3 study in Hippocampus found sex boosts neurogenesis — the creation of new neurons in the brain — and also improved cognitive function. This is because sexual experiences leads to cell growth in the hippocampus, a region of the brain that's vital to long- term memory. Sex could potentially help prevent deterioration that leads to memory loss, and dementia. Weaker Immune System. We may be more prone to colds and other illness with less sex. Regular sex, in moderation, could help boost our immune systems, according to a 2. Psychological Reports. Researchers evaluated how strong participants' immune systems were by measuring levels of immunoglobulin A (Ig. A), an antigen found in saliva and mucosal linings. Ig. A is the first line of defense against colds and flus, as it binds to bacteria that invade the body, and then activates the immune system to destroy them. Those who had sex more frequently showed significantly higher levels of Ig. A than their counterparts. Erectile Dysfunction. Abstinence can increase the likelihood of erectile dysfunction (ED) for men. A 2. 00. 8 study in the American Journal of Medicine found men who reported having sexual intercourse once a week were half as likely to develop ED as men who had sex less frequently. Researchers tracked over 9. Regular sex can reduce the risk of ED, even at old age.
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